The Phytochemicals and Proximate Compositions of Cocoa based Silage
Phytochemicals and Proximate composition of silage
Keywords:
cocoa pod, cassava pulp, acacia leaf, phytochemicals, proximate composition, polyphenolsAbstract
Presently, agro-industrial by-products are used as livestock feeds. There is a need to determine the nutritional properties of these products prior to using them as animal feeds. The qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins, Phenol, Phlobatannins and Resin. Proximate analysis showed that the fermentation had significantly increased the Protein (15.90-22.12%), Carbohydrate (16.37–45.26%), Calcium (26.09 –35.81ppm), Phosphorus (1.14–1.18ppm), Potassium (2.79–2.98ppm), Butyric acids (2.59–3.11μg/100g), Gallic acids (0.01–0.11mg/kg) and Caloric values (1x103 to 11.5x103KJ/kg) of the silage from Diet 1 to Diet 5(0-100% cocoa pod and cassava pulp). The highest value of crude protein (22.12%) was observed for Diet 5 (50-100% cocoa pod inclusion). Diet 5(50-100% cocoa pod) also had the lowest value for crude fiber (6.08%); fat (0.88%) and highest value for Calcium (35.81ppm) and calories values (11.50 x 103KJ/kg). This result showed that the combinations were a promising source of protein in animal diet if well processed. All the concentrations of anti-nutrients were found to be within acceptable levels for human and animal consumption.
References
Webb D. Phytochemicals’ Role in Good Health. Today’s Dietitian (2014) 15(9):70.
Anigboro AA, Avwioroko OJ, Ohwokevwo OA, Pessu B, Tonukari NJ. Phytochemical profile, antioxidant, α-amylase inhibition, binding interaction and docking studies of Justicia carnea bioactive compounds with α-amylase. Biophysical chemistry (2021) 269. doi:10.1016/J.BPC.2020.106529.
Anigboro AA, Avwioroko OJ, Ohwokevwo OA, Pessu B. Bioactive components of Ficus exasperata, Moringa oleifera and Jatropha tanjorensis leaf extracts and evaluation of their antioxidant properties - ProQuest. EurAsian Journal of BioSciences (2019) 13:1763–1769.
Álvarez S, Méndez P, Martínez-Fernández A. Fermentative and nutritive quality of banana by-product silage for goats. http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=taar20#.VsXoziCLRhE (2014) 43(4):396–401. doi:10.1080/09712119.2014.978782.
Samuel I, Liu B-L. Nutritional Evaluation of Selected Browse Plants Consumed by Small Ruminants in Northern Sudan Savannah of Nigeria. Asian Journal of Advances in Agricultural Research (2018) 5(1):1–8. doi:10.9734/AJAAR/2018/38086.
Okukpe KM, Adeloye AA, Badmos AH, Adeyemi KD, Olaniran TO. Performance of West African Dwarf (WAD) Goats Fed Tridax and Siam Weed in Ficus Based Diets. Agrosearch (2012) 11(1):11–18. doi:10.4314/agrosh.v11i1.2.
Abebe A, Tolera A, Holand O, Ådnøy T, Lo Eik. Seasonal variation in nutritive value of some browse and grass species in Borana Rangeland, Southern Ethiopia. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems (2012) 15:261–271.
Ondiek JO, Abdulrazak SA, Njka EN. Chemical and mineral composition, in-vitro gas production, in-sacco degradation of selected indigenous Kenyan browses. Livestock Research for Rural Development (2010) 22(2):22.
Kemboi F, Ondiek JO, Onjoro PA. Evaluation of nutritive value and in-vitro degradation of selected indigenous browses from semi-arid areas of Kenya (2017) 29:5.
Kim YI, Lee YH, Kim KH, Oh YK, Moon YH, Kwak WS. Effects of Supplementing Microbially-fermented Spent Mushroom Substrates on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Hanwoo Steers (a Field Study). Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences (2012) 25(11):1575. doi:10.5713/AJAS.2012.12251.
Cruz VC, Araújo PC, Sartori JR, Pezzato AC, Denadai JC, Polycarpo GV, et al. Poultry offal meal in chicken: Traceability using the technique of carbon (13C12C)- and nitrogen (15N/14N)-stable isotopes. Poultry Science (2012) 91(2):478–486. doi:10.3382/ps.2011-01512.
Phuong NT, Mai HN, van Duy N, Ton VD. Reproductivity and egg quality of Hmong chicken. Current status and future (2017):27–32.
Munier H, Hartadi F. Theobromine content in cocoa pod husk (Theobroma cacao) fermented by Aspergillus spp. in different of chop sizes and fermentation times. In: Proceedings (2012). p. 197–202.
Adamafio NA. Theobromine toxicity and remediation of cocoa by-products: An overview. Journal of Biological Sciences (2013) 13(7):570–576. doi:10.3923/JBS.2013.570.576.
Fapohunda SO, Afolayan AO. Fermentation of Cocoa Beans and Antimicrobial Potentials of the pod Husk Phytochemicals. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology (2012) 2(3):158–164.
Kenneth VR. Evaluation of three Cassava varieties for tuber quality and yield. Gladstone Road Agricultural Centre, Crop Research Report. Department of Agriculture, Nassau, Bahamas (2011) 4(December).
Lounglawan P, Khungaew M, Suksombat W. Silage production from cassava peel and cassava pulp as energy source in cattle diets. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances (2011) 10(8):1007–1011. doi:10.3923/JAVAA.2011.1007.1011.
Aro SO, Aletor VA, Tewe OO, Agbede JO. Nutritional potentials of cassava tuber wastes: A case study of a cassava starch processing factory in south-western Nigeria. Livestock Research for Rural Development (2010) 22(11).
Khampa S, Chuelong S, Kosonkittiumporn S, Khejornsart P. Manipulation of yeast fermented Cassava Chip supplementation in dairy heifer raised under tropical condition. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition (2010) 9(10):950–954. doi:10.3923/PJN.2010.950.954.
Sun L, Wan S, Yu Z, Wang Y, Wang S. Anaerobic biological treatment of high strength cassava starch wastewater in a new type up-flow multistage anaerobic reactor. Bioresource technology (2012) 104:280–288. doi:10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2011.11.070.
Olawoye SO, Okeniyi FA, Adeloye AA, Alabi OO, Shoyombo AJ, Animashahun RA, et al. Effects of formulated concentrate and palm kernel cake supplemen-tation on performance characteristics of growing West African dwarf (WAD) goat kids. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science (2020) 22(2):287–295.
AOAC. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. International official methods of analysis. 18, Washington, D.C USA (2005).
Trease WC, Evans GE. Pharmacognosy. 15th Edition, Saunders Publishers, London (2002). 42-44, 221-229, 246-249, 304-306, 331-332, 391-393.
SPSS 20.0. Statistical Computer Software. Chicago, IL, USA: SPSS Inc. (2014).
Omotoso OB. Nutritional potentials and in vitro estimation of composite cocoa pod husk-based diets for ruminants. Bulletin of the National Research Centre (2019) 43(1). doi:10.1186/S42269-019-0189-4.
Agbonlahor I, Okoruwa MI. Replacement value of cocoa pod husk with soursop pulp meals for Napier grass in the practical diet of West African dwarf sheep. European Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Research (2016) 4(5):1–11.
Ozung P, Kennedy OOO, Agiang EA. Chemical Composition of Differently Treated Forms of Cocoa POD Husk Meal (CPHM). Asian Journal of Agricultural Sciences (2016) 8(2):5–9. doi:10.19026/ajas.8.2912.
Olugosi OA, Agbede JO, Adebayo IA, Onibi GE, Ayeni OA. Nutritional enhancement of cocoa pod husk meal through fermentation using Rhizopus stolonifer. African Journal of Biotechnology (2019) 18(30):901–908. doi:10.5897/AJB2019.16940.
Bwai MD, Uzama D, Abubakar SM, Olajide OO, Ikokoh PP, Magu JK. Proximate, elemental, phytochemical and anti-fungal analysis of Acacia nilotica fruit. Pharmaceutical and Biological Evaluations (2015) 2:52–59.
Kouamé B, Marcel G, André KB, Séraphin K-C. Waste and by-products of cocoa in breeding: Research synthesis. International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (2011) 1(1):9–19.
Meffeja RB, Njifutie F, Manjeli N, Dongmo Y, Tehakounte T, Fombad J. Digestibilité et influence des rations contenant des niveaux croissants de coques de cacao sur les performances des porcs en croissance finition. Livestock Research for Rural Development (2006) 18(11):111.
Djali M, Setiasih IS, Rindiantika TS. Chemical characteristics, phytochemicals and cacao shell toxicity changes during the processing of cocoa beans. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Biology (2018) 6(1):103–114.
Martínez-Pinilla E, Oñatibia-Astibia A, Franco R. The relevance of theobromine for the beneficial effects of cocoa consumption. Frontiers in Pharmacology (2015) 6(FEB):30. doi:10.3389/FPHAR.2015.00030/BIBTEX.
Yulistiani D, Puastuti DW, Mathius I-W. Pengaruh Pencampuran Cairan Batang Pisang dan Pemanasan terhadap Degradasi Bungkil Kedelai di dalam Rumen Domba.
Anigboro AA, Avwioroko OJ, Ohwokevwo OA, Pessu B, Tonukari NJ. Phytochemical profile, antioxidant, α-amylase inhibition, binding interaction and docking studies of Justicia carnea bioactive compounds with α-amylase. Biophysical chemistry (2021) 269. doi:10.1016/J.BPC.2020.106529.
Anigboro AA, Avwioroko OJ, Ohwokevwo OA, Pessu B. Bioactive components of Ficus exasperata, Moringa oleifera and Jatropha tanjorensis leaf extracts and evaluation of their antioxidant properties - ProQuest. EurAsian Journal of BioSciences (2019) 13:1763–1769.
Álvarez S, Méndez P, Martínez-Fernández A. Fermentative and nutritive quality of banana by-product silage for goats. http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=taar20#.VsXoziCLRhE (2014) 43(4):396–401. doi:10.1080/09712119.2014.978782.
Samuel I, Liu B-L. Nutritional Evaluation of Selected Browse Plants Consumed by Small Ruminants in Northern Sudan Savannah of Nigeria. Asian Journal of Advances in Agricultural Research (2018) 5(1):1–8. doi:10.9734/AJAAR/2018/38086.
Okukpe KM, Adeloye AA, Badmos AH, Adeyemi KD, Olaniran TO. Performance of West African Dwarf (WAD) Goats Fed Tridax and Siam Weed in Ficus Based Diets. Agrosearch (2012) 11(1):11–18. doi:10.4314/agrosh.v11i1.2.
Abebe A, Tolera A, Holand O, Ådnøy T, Lo Eik. Seasonal variation in nutritive value of some browse and grass species in Borana Rangeland, Southern Ethiopia. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems (2012) 15:261–271.
Ondiek JO, Abdulrazak SA, Njka EN. Chemical and mineral composition, in-vitro gas production, in-sacco degradation of selected indigenous Kenyan browses. Livestock Research for Rural Development (2010) 22(2):22.
Kemboi F, Ondiek JO, Onjoro PA. Evaluation of nutritive value and in-vitro degradation of selected indigenous browses from semi-arid areas of Kenya (2017) 29:5.
Kim YI, Lee YH, Kim KH, Oh YK, Moon YH, Kwak WS. Effects of Supplementing Microbially-fermented Spent Mushroom Substrates on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Hanwoo Steers (a Field Study). Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences (2012) 25(11):1575. doi:10.5713/AJAS.2012.12251.
Cruz VC, Araújo PC, Sartori JR, Pezzato AC, Denadai JC, Polycarpo GV, et al. Poultry offal meal in chicken: Traceability using the technique of carbon (13C12C)- and nitrogen (15N/14N)-stable isotopes. Poultry Science (2012) 91(2):478–486. doi:10.3382/ps.2011-01512.
Phuong NT, Mai HN, van Duy N, Ton VD. Reproductivity and egg quality of Hmong chicken. Current status and future (2017):27–32.
Munier H, Hartadi F. Theobromine content in cocoa pod husk (Theobroma cacao) fermented by Aspergillus spp. in different of chop sizes and fermentation times. In: Proceedings (2012). p. 197–202.
Adamafio NA. Theobromine toxicity and remediation of cocoa by-products: An overview. Journal of Biological Sciences (2013) 13(7):570–576. doi:10.3923/JBS.2013.570.576.
Fapohunda SO, Afolayan AO. Fermentation of Cocoa Beans and Antimicrobial Potentials of the pod Husk Phytochemicals. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology (2012) 2(3):158–164.
Kenneth VR. Evaluation of three Cassava varieties for tuber quality and yield. Gladstone Road Agricultural Centre, Crop Research Report. Department of Agriculture, Nassau, Bahamas (2011) 4(December).
Lounglawan P, Khungaew M, Suksombat W. Silage production from cassava peel and cassava pulp as energy source in cattle diets. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances (2011) 10(8):1007–1011. doi:10.3923/JAVAA.2011.1007.1011.
Aro SO, Aletor VA, Tewe OO, Agbede JO. Nutritional potentials of cassava tuber wastes: A case study of a cassava starch processing factory in south-western Nigeria. Livestock Research for Rural Development (2010) 22(11).
Khampa S, Chuelong S, Kosonkittiumporn S, Khejornsart P. Manipulation of yeast fermented Cassava Chip supplementation in dairy heifer raised under tropical condition. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition (2010) 9(10):950–954. doi:10.3923/PJN.2010.950.954.
Sun L, Wan S, Yu Z, Wang Y, Wang S. Anaerobic biological treatment of high strength cassava starch wastewater in a new type up-flow multistage anaerobic reactor. Bioresource technology (2012) 104:280–288. doi:10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2011.11.070.
Olawoye SO, Okeniyi FA, Adeloye AA, Alabi OO, Shoyombo AJ, Animashahun RA, et al. Effects of formulated concentrate and palm kernel cake supplemen-tation on performance characteristics of growing West African dwarf (WAD) goat kids. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science (2020) 22(2):287–295.
AOAC. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. International official methods of analysis. 18, Washington, D.C USA (2005).
Trease WC, Evans GE. Pharmacognosy. 15th Edition, Saunders Publishers, London (2002). 42-44, 221-229, 246-249, 304-306, 331-332, 391-393.
SPSS 20.0. Statistical Computer Software. Chicago, IL, USA: SPSS Inc. (2014).
Omotoso OB. Nutritional potentials and in vitro estimation of composite cocoa pod husk-based diets for ruminants. Bulletin of the National Research Centre (2019) 43(1). doi:10.1186/S42269-019-0189-4.
Agbonlahor I, Okoruwa MI. Replacement value of cocoa pod husk with soursop pulp meals for Napier grass in the practical diet of West African dwarf sheep. European Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Research (2016) 4(5):1–11.
Ozung P, Kennedy OOO, Agiang EA. Chemical Composition of Differently Treated Forms of Cocoa POD Husk Meal (CPHM). Asian Journal of Agricultural Sciences (2016) 8(2):5–9. doi:10.19026/ajas.8.2912.
Olugosi OA, Agbede JO, Adebayo IA, Onibi GE, Ayeni OA. Nutritional enhancement of cocoa pod husk meal through fermentation using Rhizopus stolonifer. African Journal of Biotechnology (2019) 18(30):901–908. doi:10.5897/AJB2019.16940.
Bwai MD, Uzama D, Abubakar SM, Olajide OO, Ikokoh PP, Magu JK. Proximate, elemental, phytochemical and anti-fungal analysis of Acacia nilotica fruit. Pharmaceutical and Biological Evaluations (2015) 2:52–59.
Kouamé B, Marcel G, André KB, Séraphin K-C. Waste and by-products of cocoa in breeding: Research synthesis. International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (2011) 1(1):9–19.
Meffeja RB, Njifutie F, Manjeli N, Dongmo Y, Tehakounte T, Fombad J. Digestibilité et influence des rations contenant des niveaux croissants de coques de cacao sur les performances des porcs en croissance finition. Livestock Research for Rural Development (2006) 18(11):111.
Djali M, Setiasih IS, Rindiantika TS. Chemical characteristics, phytochemicals and cacao shell toxicity changes during the processing of cocoa beans. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Biology (2018) 6(1):103–114.
Martínez-Pinilla E, Oñatibia-Astibia A, Franco R. The relevance of theobromine for the beneficial effects of cocoa consumption. Frontiers in Pharmacology (2015) 6(FEB):30. doi:10.3389/FPHAR.2015.00030/BIBTEX.
Yulistiani D, Puastuti DW, Mathius I-W. Pengaruh Pencampuran Cairan Batang Pisang dan Pemanasan terhadap Degradasi Bungkil Kedelai di dalam Rumen Domba.
Downloads
Published
2022-07-15
Issue
Section
Articles
License
The authors keep the copyrights of the published materials with them, but the authors are aggee to give an exclusive license to the publisher that transfers all publishing and commercial exploitation rights to the publisher. The puslisher then shares the content published in this journal under CC BY-NC-ND license.
How to Cite
The Phytochemicals and Proximate Compositions of Cocoa based Silage: Phytochemicals and Proximate composition of silage. (2022). International Journal of Innovative Research and Reviews, 6(1), 11-16. http://www.injirr.com/index.php/injirr/article/view/98
