Women, Men, and Thermal Response: An Entropic Account of Gender Differences in Breathing During Exercise
Keywords:
Biothermodynamics, Entropy, Exergy, Thermal responseAbstract
This study aimed to determine differences in the thermal response of the respiratory muscle between healthy men and women during exercise. We analyzed the lungs of eight men and eight women thermodynamically. Previous work of breathing data of 16 endurance-trained healthy subjects undergoing a progressive cycle exercise test to exhaustion was used for calculations. During exercise, glucose absorbed from the blood flow was 2.12 mmol/L for men and 4.1 mmol/L for women. Glucose consumed for respiration was found as 10.6 and 20.49 mmol/min in men and women, respectively. Exergy destruction in the respiratory muscles of men and women was 0.41 and 0.79 kJ/min, respectively. Entropy generation rates for men and women were calculated as 1.38x10-3 and 2.66x10-3 (kJ/K)/min, respectively. Women were generated entropy remarkably higher than men and consumed more glucose than men during exercise for breathing due to their less efficient ventilatory response to exercise. In conclusion, gender-based alterations in lung and airway dimensions result in higher work of breathing and therefore glucose cost of respiration, higher exergy destroyed, and higher entropy generated in women during exercise for given exercise intensity.
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Guenette JA, Romer LM, Querido JS, Chua R, Eves ND, Road JD, et al. Sex differences in exercise-induced diaphragmatic fatigue in endurance-trained athletes. Journal of Applied Physiology (2010) 109(1):35–46. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01341.2009.
Guenette JA, Witt JD, McKenzie DC, Road JD, Sheel AW. Respiratory mechanics during exercise in endurance-trained men and women. The Journal of Physiology (2007) 581(3):1309–1322. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2006.126466.
Mead J. Dysanapsis in normal lungs assessed by the relationship between maximal flow, static recoil, and vital capacity. The American review of respiratory disease (1980) 121(2):339–342. doi:10.1164/ARRD.1980.121.2.339.
Prigogine I, Wiame J. Biologie Et Thermodynamique Des Phénomènes Irréversibles [Biology and thermodynamics of irreversible phenomena]. Experientia (1946) 2:451–453.
Öngel ME, Yildiz C, Yilmaz B, Özilgen M. Nutrition and disease-related entropy generation in cancer. International Journal of Exergy (2021) 34(4):411–423. doi:10.1504/IJEX.2021.114091.
Öngel ME, Yıldız C, Akpınaroğlu C, Yilmaz B, Özilgen M. Why women may live longer than men do? A telomere-length regulated and diet-based entropic assessment. Clinical Nutrition (2021) 40(3):1186–1191. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2020.07.030.
Dutta A, Chattopadhyay H. A Brief on Biological Thermodynamics for Human Physiology. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering (2021) 143(7). doi:10.1115/1.4050458.
Martinez Garcia M, Une R, Oliveira Junior S de, Keutenedjian Mady C. Exergy Analysis and Human Body Thermal Comfort Conditions: Evaluation of Different Body Compositions. Entropy (2018) 20(4):265. doi:10.3390/e20040265.
Özilgen M, Sorgüven Öner E. Biothermodynamics Principles and applications, 1st ed. CRC Press (2016). 411-411.
Henriques IB, Mady CEK, Albuquerque Neto C, Yanagihara JI, Oliveira Junior S. The effect of altitude and intensity of physical activity on the exergy efficiency of respiratory system. International Journal of Thermodynamics (2014) 17(4):265. doi:10.5541/ijot.550.
Yildiz C, Öngel ME, Yilmaz B, Özilgen M. Diet-dependent entropic assessment of athletes’ lifespan. Journal of Nutritional Science (2021) 10:e83-e83. doi:10.1017/jns.2021.78.
Semerciöz AS, Yılmaz B, Özilgen M. Thermodynamic assessment of allocation of energy and exergy of the nutrients for the life processes during pregnancy. British Journal of Nutrition (2020) 124(7):742–753. doi:10.1017/S0007114520001646.
Spanghero G, Albuquerque C, Lazzaretti Fernandes T, Hernandez A, Keutenedjian Mady C. Exergy Analysis of the Musculoskeletal System Efficiency during Aerobic and Anaerobic Activities. Entropy (2018) 20(2):119. doi:10.3390/e20020119.
Mady CEK, Albuquerque C, Fernandes TL, Hernandez AJ, Saldiva PHN, Yanagihara JI, et al. Exergy performance of human body under physical activities. Energy (2013) 62:370–378. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2013.09.050.
Çatak J, Develi AÇ, Sorguven E, Özilgen M, Inal HS. Lifespan entropy generated by the masseter muscles during chewing: An indicator of the life expectancy? International Journal of Exergy (2015) 18(1):46–67. doi:10.1504/IJEX.2015.072056.
Dutta A, Chattopadhyay H. Thermodynamic effect of RNA virus infection on the human cardiovascular system. Journal of thermal biology (2021) 100:103039. doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103039.
Çatak J, Özilgen M, Olcay AB, Yılmaz B. Assessment of the work efficiency with exergy method in ageing muscles and healthy and enlarged hearts. International Journal of Exergy (2018) 25(1):1. doi:10.1504/IJEX.2018.088885.
Dutta A, Chattopadhyay H. Exergetic analysis of human respiratory system including effect of age and gender. International Journal of Exergy (2020) 31(4):370–385. doi:10.1504/IJEX.2020.107194.
Dutta A, Chattopadhyay H. Performance analysis of human respiratory system based on the second law of thermodynamics. Journal of thermal biology (2021) 96. doi:10.1016/J.JTHERBIO.2021.102862.
Dutta A, Chattopadhyay H, Yasmin H, Rahimi-Gorji M. Entropy generation in the human lung due to effect of psychrometric condition and friction in the respiratory tract. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine (2019) 180:105010. doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2019.105010.
Çatak A, Develi J, Bayram E. Entropy Generation and Exergy Destruction During and After Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation in Patients with Respiratory Failure. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi (2020)(18):283–289. doi:10.31590/EJOSAT.690568.
Guenette JA, Querido JS, Eves ND, Chua R, William Sheel A. Sex differences in the resistive and elastic work of breathing during exercise in endurance-trained athletes. American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology (2009) 297(1). doi:10.1152/AJPREGU.00078.2009.
Çatak J, Develi E, Bayram S. How does obesity affect bioenergetics in human respiratory muscles? Human Nutrition & Metabolism (2021) 26:200136. doi:10.1016/j.hnm.2021.200136.
Çatak J, Develi E, Bayram S. Entropy generation changes during exercising comparing lungs of male and female subjects. In: European Respiratory Society (2021). PA415-PA415.
Silva C, Annamalai K. Entropy Generation and Human Aging: Lifespan Entropy and Effect of Physical Activity Level. Entropy (2008) 10(2):100–123. doi:10.3390/entropy-e10020100.
Çatak J. Kronik Obstrüktif Akciğer Hastaları ile Sağlıklı Bireylerin Solunum İş Yükünün Termodinamik Analizi [Thermodynamic analysis of work of breathing of healthy individuals and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. European Journal of Science and Technology (2018):145–151. doi:10.31590/ejosat.472665.
Feinman RD, Fine EJ. "A calorie is a calorie" violates the second law of thermodynamics. Nutrition Journal (2004) 3(1):9. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-3-9.
Yalçınkaya BH, Genç S, Çatak J, Özilgen M, Yılmaz B. 3.3 Mitochondrial Energy Production. Elsevier (2018). 95–125-95–125.
Çatak J, Semerciöz AS, Yalçınkaya BH, Yılmaz B, Özilgen M. 4.29 Bioenergy Conversion. In: Comprehensive Energy Systems: Elsevier (2018). p. 1131–1158.
Silva CA, Annamalai K. Entropy Generation and Human Aging: Lifespan Entropy and Effect of Diet Composition and Caloric Restriction Diets. Journal of Thermodynamics (2009):1–10. doi:10.1155/2009/186723.
Guenette JA, Romer LM, Querido JS, Chua R, Eves ND, Road JD, et al. Sex differences in exercise-induced diaphragmatic fatigue in endurance-trained athletes. Journal of Applied Physiology (2010) 109(1):35–46. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01341.2009.
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2022-07-15
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Women, Men, and Thermal Response: An Entropic Account of Gender Differences in Breathing During Exercise. (2022). International Journal of Innovative Research and Reviews, 6(1), 17-21. http://www.injirr.com/index.php/injirr/article/view/91
